Fig. 3
From: Environmental risks of car tire microplastic particles and other road runoff pollutants
PAF (%) of selected substances in runoff water (a top) and surface water (b bottom). Selected substances: TWP_MP (Tire Wear Particles, with PEC represented by TWP and SSD by microplastics), BaP (benzo(a)pyrene), BPA (bisphenol A), DEHP (di (2-ethylhexyl)phthalate) Fl (fluoranthene), NP (nonylphenol), OP (4-tert-octylphenol). The PAF (Supporting information, page 31–32) is derived by comparing the PEC (Tables 1 and 2) with the SSD (Supporting information, page 23–30). PAF up to 5% is considered acceptable [64], as marked by the dotted line in the figure. The bar chart shows the average of the median estimate PAFs (50% confidence), with the error bars representing the lowest value of lower estimates (5% confidence) and the maximum value of upper estimates (95% confidence)